Power line communication modem, power line communication system, power line communication method

ABSTRACT

A power line communication modem is provided, including a connection element configured to connect the power line communication modem to at least three wires of a power line network; a transmitter configured to transmit a first signal via a first combination of at least two wires of the at least three wires and to transmit a second signal via a second combination of at least two wires of the at least three wires; a controller adapted to individually control a transmit power of the first signal and the second signal. A corresponding power line communication system and a power line communication method are provided as well.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/465,420 filed May 7, 2012, the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. U.S. application Ser. No.13/465,420 claims priority to European Patent Application No.11004046.6, filed on May 16, 2011.

The invention relates to a power line communication modem, to a powerline communication system and to a power line communication method.

BACKGROUND

Power line communication (PLC), also called mains communication, powerline transmission (PLT), broadband power line (BPL), power band or powerline networking (PLN), is a term describing several different systemsfor using power distribution wires or power lines for simultaneousdistribution of data. A carrier can communicate voice and data bysuperimposing an analogue signal over the standard 50 Hz or 60 Hzalternating current (AC). For indoor applications PLC equipment can usehousehold electrical power wiring as a transmission medium.

In order to increase the bandwidth of PLC systems it has been proposedto use multiple-input—multiple output schemes (MIMO) which are knownfrom wireless communication systems. In general, household power linenetworks include at least three different wires or lines that are named“phase”, “neutral”, and “protective earth”. In MIMO schemes, data istransmitted via those wires by transmitting differential signals ondifferent combination of the wires, e.g. between phase and neutral (PN),phase and protective earth (PE), and/or neutral and protective earth(NE).

Since MIMO PLC might influence reception of radio broadcasts or amateurradio broadcast, it is intended to define levels of MIMO feeding in thefuture.

Therefore, there is a need to provide a power line communications modem,a power line communications system and a power line communicationsmethod that allow data transmission with a high throughput while takinginto account regulatory limits in order to avoid disturbances.

The object is solved by a power line communications modem, a power linecommunications system and a power line communication method as definedin the appended claims. Further embodiments are defined in the dependentclaims, respectively.

Details of the invention will become more apparent from the followingdescription of embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a power line modem accordingto an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a schematic flow diagram of a power line communicationsmethod according to a further embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 shows schematically a measurement setup to determine theradiation of feeding into different combinations of wires;

FIG. 4 shows a measurement result obtained for feeding PLC signals intodifferent combination of wires using a delta style coupler;

FIG. 5 shows an enlarged detail of the measurement result depicted inFIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows a schematic block diagram of a power line communicationssystem according to a further embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 shows a star style coupler (probe) to feed/receive signals to orfrom individual wires of the mains;

FIG. 8 shows a delta style coupler (probe) to feed/receive signalsdifferentially to or from a pair of wires of the mains;

FIG. 9 shows a T-style coupler to feed/receive a first signaldifferentially to or from a pair of wires and a second signaldifferentially between a third wire and the other pair of wires; and

FIG. 10 shows a measurement result obtained for feeding power linecommunication signals into different combination of wires using a deltastyle coupler and a T-style coupler.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following, embodiments of the invention are described. It isimportant to note that all described embodiments in the following may becombined in any way, i.e. there is no limitation that certain describedembodiments may not be combined with others.

In FIG. 1 there is depicted schematically a power line communicationmodem 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The power linecommunication modem 100 includes a connection element 110 configured toconnect the power line communication modem 100 to at least three wiresof a power line network 115, e.g. in a household. In many householdsthree of those at least three wires are named “phase” line (P),“neutral” line (N) and “protective earth” line (PE or E).

The power line communication modem 100 further includes a transmitter120 that is configured to transmit a first signal via a firstcombination of at least two wires of the at least three wires, e.g.between the phase line and the neutral line (PN), and to transmit asecond signal via a second combination of at least two wires of the atleast three wires, e.g. between the protective earth line and the phaseline (EP) or between the neutral line and the protective earth line(NE). However, it might be possible that more than three lines areavailable in the power line network of a building, e.g. for high powerappliances. In those cases, combinations of two lines of e.g. four orfive lines are possible. It is also possible that two of the at leastthree wires might be grouped or connected and the signal is fed betweenthe group of wires and the third wire.

When transmitting two signals via different combinations of wires it ispossible to implement multiple-input-multiple output (MIMO) codingschemes for transmitting payload data from a first power linecommunication modem 100 to a second power line communication modem. MIMOcoding schemes result in higher bandwidth in power line communication.

For three lines (e.g. phase line, neutral line and protective earthline) three combinations for two lines are possible, i.e. phase-neutral(PN), protective earth-phase (EP), neutral-protective earth (NE). It ispossible for MIMO-schemes to use all three combinations, i.e. with afirst signal at the first combination, a second signal at the secondcombination and a third signal at the third combination, however, due toKirchhoff's law only two of them can be used independently at the sametime.

The first, second and third signal generally are fed in differentialmode (DM).

The power line communication modem 100 further includes a controller 130that is adapted to individually control a transmit power of the firstsignal and the second signal. The “transmit power” might also bereferred to as “power spectral density (PSD)”.

With the help of the controller 130 it is possible to transmit the firstsignal and second signal with different transmit power.

Accordingly in FIG. 2 it is schematically depicted that in a step S200the first signal is transmitted with a first transmit power and in stepS202 the second signal is transmitted with a second transmit power.

If the transmit power of the first signal and the second signal isadjusted according to their potential of interference to radioreceivers, it is possible to transmit a signal with less radiation witha higher transmit power, resulting in the possibility of using e.g.higher constellations in adaptive OFDM (orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing) schemes or simply in resulting in higher signal to noiseratios (SNR) achieving higher bandwidth than when feeding the signalswith the same transmit power for all possible combinations. If allpossible combinations were fed with the same transmit power, in order toguarantee regulatory requirements (which today do not distinguishbetween the different combinations), the single transmit power wouldhave to be adjusted in accordance with the combination that radiatesmost. The potential of interference to other radio services might belocation dependent; so that the difference of the transmitted transmitpowers might be adapted to the different locations.

Measurements were undertaken to record the interference potential fromMIMO PLC. The measurement set-up depicted in FIG. 3 consisted of aNetwork Analyzer NWA 302 connected with a MIMO PLC probe 304 to themains of a building 306 via an outlet 308. The power supply of theNetwork Analyzer 302 was isolated from the buildings mains grid. TheNetwork Analyzer 302 fed signals into the mains using a MIMO PLC probe304. All possible potential feeding possibilities (PN, NE, EP) wereexamined. For comparison common mode (CM) signals were also fed.

For receiving the signals an antenna 310, 312 was located in- or outsidethe building 306 at various distances d from the injecting outlet 308.Depending on the frequencies of interests a magnetic loop antenna 312(for frequencies below 30 MHz) or a biconal antenna 310 (frequenciesbetween 1 MHz and 100 MHz) was used. The link (cable) 320 from theantenna to the Network Analyzer 302 was filtered from common modesignals. Otherwise the signal ingress into the cable 320 might affectthe measurement.

The outlets 308 used for feeding the signals were arbitrary selected inthe building 306.

FIGS. 4 and 5, wherein FIG. 5 shows only a part of FIG. 4, show theattenuation (the scattering parameter S21 (forward gain) in dB) recordedby the Network Analyzer 302 of more than 100000 measurements for eachcombination of wires independent of frequency and feeding plug or outlet308 at several buildings 306.

In FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 the attenuation from feeding to an outlet 308 tothe reception of the signals at an antenna 310, 312 is depicted. Forcomparison, differential mode feeding in EP (protective earth line-phaseline) is presented with a solid line, NE (neutral line-protective earthline) is a dashed line, PN (phase line-neutral line) is a dashed-dottedline and the common mode is the dotted line. The x-axis shows the S21parameter from −110 dB to −30 dB. The y-axis shows the cumulativeprobability of the attenuation. For instance, for 100% (all) of thevalues the attenuation is higher than 30 dB and for 0% (none) of allvalues the attenuation is higher than 110 dB. The negative sign of theS21 parameter reflects that the signal at the antenna 310, 312 isattenuated as compared to the fed signal at the outlet 308. As more leftthe lines are in these figures as higher is the attenuation, as lower isthe radiation or the interference potential. It can be seen that signalsfeed in common mode do radiate most.

FIG. 5, which is zoomed into a part of FIG. 4, helps in identifying thedifferences between the 3 differential mode feedings.

Feeding in EP (protective earth-phase line) causes 1.3 dB more radiationcompared to feeding in PN (phase-neutral). Feeding into NE(neutral-protective earth) causes 0.8 dB less radiation than feeding toPN (phase-neutral) at the 50%-point.

Consequently, when potential of interference for all feeding stylesshould be considered identical, power line communication modems canimprove their transmission characteristics by adopting their individualfeeding power spectral density (PSD).

In FIG. 6 a power line communication system 600 is schematicallydepicted. It includes the first power line communication modem 100 and asecond power line communication modem 610, which are connected via thepower line network 115, in FIG. 6 represented by the three lines phase(P), neutral (N) and protective earth (E).

The first power line communication modem 100 further includes a receiver620 adapted to receive signals transmitted from a transmitter 630 of thesecond power line communication modem 610. The transmitter 630 of thesecond power line communication modem is connected via a connectingelement 640 of the second power line communication modem 610 to thepower line network 115.

The second power line communication modem 610 further includes acontroller 650 adapted to control individually the transmit power ofsignals that are transmitted by the transmitter 610 via differentcombinations of wires P, N, PE and a receiver 660 adapted to receivesignals transmitted from the first transmitter 120.

The first power line communication modem 100 might further include astorage unit 666 adapted to store a power difference value and thecontroller 130 is further adapted to feed the first signal and secondsignal with respective transmit powers that are distinguished by thestored power difference value. Instead of the power difference valuealso a power quotient value might be stored in the storage unit 666 andthe controller 130 might be adapted to feed the first signal and thesecond signal with transmit powers that are distinguished by the storedpower quotient value. The stored power difference value or the storedpower quotient value might be frequency independent, since themeasurements did not show any particular frequency dependency of thedifferent radiation properties of the different combinations of wires.

The stored power difference value or the stored power quotient valuemight be used as a constant, predetermined value that is not changedduring the lifetime of the power line communication modem, which wouldresult in an easy implementation, since no updating is necessary. Moresophisticated approaches, however, might include updating of the powerdifference value or the power quotient value, e.g. for certainparticular radiation characteristics of the power line network or forconsidering amended regulatory limits.

According to an embodiment of the invention the controller 130 might beadapted to feed a signal via the combination EP of the protective earthline E and the phase line P with 1 dB less transmit power than a signalvia the combination PN of the phase line P and the neutral line N, whichreflects the measurement results depicted in FIG. 5 that signalstransmitted via the combination PN of the phase line P and the neutral Nshow a higher attenuation of the received signal of approximately 1 dBdue to lower radiation than signals transmitted via the combination EPof the protective earth line E and the phase line P.

According to a further embodiment of the invention the controller 130might be adapted to feed a signal via the combination NE of the neutralline N and the protective earth line E with 1 dB more transmit powerthan a signal via the combination PN of the phase line P and the neutralline N, which reflects the measurement results depicted in FIG. 5 thatsignals transmitted via the combination NE of the neutral line N and theprotective earth line E show a higher attenuation of the received signalof approximately 1 dB due to lower radiation than signals transmittedvia the combination PN of the phase line P and the neutral line N.

For comparison of different feeding possibilities, in the following afeeding between the phase line P and the neutral line N, without statingotherwise, is meant to describe a feeding according to single-inputsingle-output (SISO) schemes currently used, i.e. feeding differentiallybetween the phase line P and the neutral line N without terminationtowards the protective earth line or with a left open connection towardsprotective earth.

The 1 dB difference between the respective transmit powers might also bereferred to as a possible power quotient value.

According to a further embodiment the first power line communicationmodem 100 might include a measuring unit 680, and the second power linecommunication modem 610 might include a measuring unit 690,respectively, adapted to measure the voltages between the at least threelines P, N, E and is further adapted to determine the phase line and theneutral line based on measuring the voltages. In power line networks115, where it is not certain, which of the wires is the phase line P andthe neutral line N, it is possible to determine the phase line and theneutral line among the wires of the power line network and to adapt thetransmit power of the combinations accordingly by the controller 130.For instance, in some countries (France, Switzerland, United States ofAmerica) the mechanical construction of a power outlet 308 and theelectrical plug enforce the orientation of the phase, neutral andprotective earth line. In other countries (Germany) the plug can beinserted in two orientations into the outlet 308. Here it is unknown tothe power line communication modem 100, 610 at which conductor the phaseline P or neutral line N is connected to. The protective earth line E isfixed, the other two connectors might be toggled. Since it is known thatthe supply voltage AC (230 V or 110 V) is present between the phase lineP and the neutral line N and between the phase line P and the protectiveearth line E, whereas between the neutral line N and the protectiveearth line E the voltage is 0V, it can be determined which of the linesor wires is the phase line P.

The second power line communication modem 610 might also include astorage unit 695 adapted to perform functions as the storage unit 666 ofthe first power line communication modem 100.

FIG. 7 shows a star-style MIMO PLC probe 700. It is mainly intended forreceiving only. The CM choke 702 blocks the common mode current from thestar transformers 704. The choke 702 simultaneously acts as atransformer which allows the reception of the CM signal. The signals onS1, S2 or S3 are directly coupled onto the individual wires P, N, PE.

FIG. 8 shows a delta style coupler 800. The signals S1, S2 or S3 createthe differential voltages U_(P-N), U_(N-PE) and U_(PE-P).

FIG. 9 shows a T-style coupler 900 where the first signal is coupleddifferentially between two of the three wires and the second signal iscoupled differentially between one wire and two other wires.

The couplers are published in ETSI TR 101 562.

In FIG. 10, also the attenuation from feeding to an outlet 308 to thereception of the signals at an antenna 310, 312 is depicted. Forcomparison, differential mode feeding in EP (protective earth line-phaseline) is presented with a slim solid line, NE (neutral line- protectiveearth line) is a slim dashed line, PN (phase line-neutral line) is aslim dashed-dotted line. Here additionally the feedings on the T-stylecoupler 900 are presented using the fat dashed line when feeding on S1at the T-style coupler 900 (T-style1) (i.e. differentially between phaseand neutral, with a termination of the midpoint between phase andneutral towards protective earth via S2) and using the fat dotted linewhen feeding on S2 at the T-style coupler 900 (T-style2) (i.e.differentially between protective earth and the combination of phase andneutral, with a termination via S1). The x-axis shows the S21 parameterfrom −78 dB to −75 dB. The y-axis shows the cumulative probability ofthe attenuation. It can be seen that signals fed in T-style radiate lessthan the signals fed in delta style.

Feeding in T-style1 generates roughly 0.5 dB less radiation compared tofeeding in PN (phase-neutral). Feeding into T-style2 causes roughly 1.0dB less radiation than feeding to PN (phase-neutral) at the 50% point.

Consequently the controller 130 might be adapted to feed a signal with0.5 dB more transmit power when using a T-style coupler and when thesignal is coupled differentially between phase and neutral with atermination of the midpoint between phase and neutral towards protectiveearth than when coupling the signal between phase and neutral withouttermination and/or the controller might be adapted to feed a signal with1 dB more transmit power when using a T-style coupler and when thesignal is coupled differentially between protective earth and themidpoint of phase and neutral than when coupling the signal betweenphase and neutral without termination.

Consequently, when potential of interference for all feeding stylesshould be considered identical, power line communication modems canimprove their transmission characteristics by adopting their individualfeeding power spectral density (PSD).

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A power line communication modem, comprising:circuitry configured to connect the power line communication modem to atleast three wires of a power line network; transmit, using a T-stylecoupler, a first signal via a first combination of at least two wires ofthe at least three wires; transmit, using the T-style coupler a secondsignal via a second combination of at least two wires of the at leastthree wires; and individually control a transmit power of the firstsignal and the second signal.
 19. The power line communication modemaccording to claim 18, wherein the at least three wires of the powerline network include a phase line, a neutral line and a protective earthline.
 20. The power line communication modem according to claim 19,wherein the circuitry is further configured to feed a signal via thecombination of the protective earth line and the phase line with 1 dBless transmit power than a signal via the combination of the phase lineand the neutral line.
 21. The power line communication modem accordingto claim 19, wherein the circuitry is further configured to feed asignal via the combination of the neutral line and the protective earthline with 1 dB more transmit power than a signal via the combination ofthe phase line and the neutral line.
 22. The power line communicationmodem according to claim 18, wherein the circuitry is further configuredto feed a signal with 0.5 dB more transmit power, using the T-stylecoupler, when the signal is coupled differentially between phase andneutral with a termination of the midpoint between phase and neutraltowards protective earth than when coupling the signal between phase andneutral without termination, and/or feed a signal with 1 dB moretransmit power, using the T-style coupler, when the signal is coupleddifferentially between protective earth and the midpoint of phase andneutral than when coupling the signal between phase and neutral withouttermination.
 23. The power line communication modem according to claim18, wherein the circuitry is further configured to transmit, using theT-style coupler, a third signal via a third combination of at least twowires of the at least three wires, and individually control a transmitpower of the third signal.
 24. The power line communication modemaccording to claim 18, wherein the circuitry is further configured toadjust the transmit power of the first signal and the second signalbased on their potential of interference to radio receivers.
 25. Thepower line communication modem according to claim 18, furthercomprising: a memory configured to store a power difference value,wherein the circuitry is configured to feed the first signal and thesecond signal with respective transmit powers wherein the stored powerdifference value is the difference of the respective transmit powers.26. The power line communication modem according to claim 18, furthercomprising: a memory configured to store a power quotient value, whereinthe circuitry is configured to feed the first signal and the secondsignal with respective transmit powers wherein the stored power quotientvalue is the quotient between the respective transmit powers.
 27. Thepower line communication modem according to claim 25, wherein the powerquotient value and/or the power difference value is independent of thefrequency of the first, second and/or third signal.
 28. The power linecommunication modem according to claim 18, wherein the circuitry isfurther configured to measure the voltages between the at least threewires and to determine the phase line and the neutral line based onmeasuring the voltages.
 29. The power line communication systemcomprising: at least two power line communication modems according toclaim 18, which are connected via at least three wires of a power linenetwork.
 30. A power line communication method, comprising:transmitting, using a T-style coupler, a first signal with a firsttransmit power via a first combination of at least two of at least threewires of a power line network from a first power line communicationmodem to a second power line communication modem; transmitting, usingthe T-style coupler, a second signal with a second transmit power via asecond combination of at least two of the at least three wires of thepower line network from the first power line communication modem to thesecond power line communication modem; and controlling the transmitpower of the first signal to be different from the transmit power of thesecond signal.
 31. The power line communication method according toclaim 30, further comprising: transmitting, using the T-style coupler, athird signal with a third transmit power via a third combination of atleast two of the at least three wires of the power line network from thefirst power line communication modem to the second power linecommunication modem, wherein the third transmit power is different fromthe first and second transmit power.
 32. The power line communicationmethod according to claim 30, wherein the three wires include a phaseline, a neutral line and a protective earth line.
 33. The power linecommunication method according to claim 30, further comprising:adjusting the transmit power of the signals based on their level ofinterference to radio receivers.
 34. The power line communication systemaccording to claim 18, wherein the transmit power of the first andsecond signal are determined based on attenuation levels between thefirst combination and the second combination.